A systematic review on the spread of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Iran and neighboring countries

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

2 Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

3 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

4 Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a single-stranded RNA virus classified in the Prebunyaviridae family and Orthobunyavirus genus. SBV is a teratogenic arbovirus, infecting pregnant ruminants, and results in offspring with congenital defects such as scoliosis, hydrocephalus, arthrogryposis, cerebellar hypoplasia and enlarged thymus. The purpose of this review was to conduct a systematic review to show the spread of SBV in Iran and neighboring countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Iraq, Russia, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Qatar. In this study, 9 English and Persian databases including Magiran, Irandoc, SID, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and PubMed were reviewed. Of the 55 studies found, 12 studies met the criteria defined in the purpose of this study. The results of the study indicated the presence of SBV in a number of domestic animals such as horses, cows, sheep, goats and camels. In Iran, only one study was found to be conducted on the prevalence of the disease which indicates that horses are infected (5%). Turkey and Pakistan showed the highest percentages of positive serum samples in cattle (39.82%) and camels (86%) respectively. Due to the proximity and livestock exchanges between Iran and Turkey in the northwest of the country, as well as between Iran and Pakistan in the southeast, precautionary measures are recommended by veterinary officials.

Keywords

References

1- Kahrs RF. Viral diseases of cattle. Iowa State University Press; 2001.
2- Bloom DE, Black S, Rappuoli R. Emerging infectious diseases: a proactive approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017; 114(16): 4055–9.
3- Collins ÁB, Doherty ML, Barrett DJ, Mee JF. Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international literature review (2011-2019) from an Irish perspective. Ir Vet J. 2019; 72(1): 1–22.
4- Garigliany M-M, Bayrou C, Kleijnen D, Cassart D, Jolly S, Linden A, et al. Schmallenberg virus: a new Shamonda/Sathuperi-like virus on the rise in Europe. Antiviral Res. 2012; 95(2): 82–7.
5- Mars MH, van der Poel WHM. Epizootic of ovine congenital. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2012; 106: 111.
6- Bayry J. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Springer; 2017.
7- Zeynalova S, Omarov A. Biological Characteristics of Schmallenberg Virus-an Overview. Khazar Univ Press. 2020; 4(1).
8- De Regge N, Deblauwe I, De Deken R, Vantieghem P, Madder M, Geysen D, et al. Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. by real‐time RT‐PCR. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012; 59(6): 471–5.
9- Wernike K, Conraths F, Zanella G, Granzow H, Gache K, Schirrmeier H, et al. Schmallenberg virus—two years of experiences. Prev Vet Med. 2014; 116(4): 423–34.
10- Kęsik-Maliszewska J, Larska M, Collins ÁB, Rola J. Post-Epidemic Distribution of Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides Arbovirus Vectors in Poland. Viruses. 2019; 11(5): 447.
11- Wernike K, Beer M. Schmallenberg virus: a novel virus of veterinary importance. Adv Virus Res. 2017; 99: 39–60.
12- Ducomble T, Wilking H, Stark K, Takla A, Askar M, Schaade L, et al. Lack of evidence for Schmallenberg virus infection in highly exposed persons, Germany, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2012 Aug; 18(8): 1333–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22840657
13- Golender N, Bumbarov VY, Erster O, Beer M, Khinich Y, Wernike K. Development and validation of a universal S-segment-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Simbu serogroup viruses. J Virol Methods. 2018; 261: 80–5.
14- De Regge N, van den Berg T, Georges L, Cay B. Diagnosis of Schmallenberg virus infection in malformed lambs and calves and first  indications for virus clearance in the fetus. Vet Microbiol. 2013 Mar; 162(2–4): 595–600.
15- Rasekh M, Sarani A, Hashemi SH. Detection of Schmallenberg virus antibody in equine population of Northern and Northeast of Iran. Vet world. 2018; 11(1): 30.
16- AL-Barwary, Omer LT. Serological study for detection of new emerging ectoparasites borne disease (Schmallenberg Virus) in Duhok province-Iraq. Assiut Vet Med J. 2018; 64(159): 39–42.
17- Al-Baroodi SY. Seroprevelance of schmallenberg virus infection as emerging disease in cattle in Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2021; 35(3).
18- Zeynalova S, Vatani M, Asarova A, Lange CE. Schmallenberg virus in Azerbaijan 2012–2018. Arch Virol. 2019; 164(7): 1877–81.
19- Azkur AK, Albayrak H, Risvanli A, Pestil Z, Ozan E, Yılmaz O, et al. Antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in domestic livestock in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013; 45(8): 1825–8.
20- Yilmaz H, Hoffmann B, Turan N, Cizmecigil UY, Richt JA, Van der Poel WHM. Detection and partial sequencing of Schmallenberg virus in cattle and sheep in Turkey. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014; 14(3): 223–5.
21- TONBAK Ş, AZKUR AK, Pestil Z, Biyikli E, Abayli H, Baydar E, et al. Circulation of Schmallenberg virus in Turkey, 2013. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci. 2016; 40(2): 175–80.
22- Wernery U, Thomas R, Raghavan R, Syriac G. Serological evidence of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease and Schmallenberg virus in dromedaries. J Camel Pract Res. 2013; 20(2): 135–7.
23- Taha HA, Shoman SA, Alhadlag NM. Molecular and serological survey of some haemoprotozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases of small ruminants from Al-Madinah Al Munawarah, KSA. Trop Biomed. 2015; 32(3).
24- Orynbayev MB, Beauvais W, Sansyzbay AR, Rystaeva RA, Sultankulova KT, Kerimbaev AA, et al. Seroprevalence of infectious diseases in saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica tatarica) in Kazakhstan 2012–2014. Prev Vet Med. 2016; 127: 100–4.
25- Gubenko OG, Bjadovskaya OP, Sprygin A V, Kononova S V, Piskunov A V, Kononov A V. DETECTION OF SCHMALLENBERG VIRUS IN CATTLE IMPORTED INTO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biol. 2019; 54(6): 1247–56.
26- Bakhshi H, Failloux A-B, Zakeri S, Raz A, Dinparast Djadid N. Mosquito-borne viral diseases and potential transmission blocking vaccine candidates. Infect Genet Evol [Internet]. 2018; 63: 195–203. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134818303150
27- Snowden FM. Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective. Immunol Rev. 2008; 225(1): 9–26.
28- Cupertino MC, Resende MB, Mayer NAJ, Carvalho LM, Siqueira-Batista R. Emerging and re-emerging human infectious diseases: A systematic review of the role of wild animals with a focus on public health impact. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2020; 13(3): 99.
29- Bakhshi H, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Monier M, Mousson L, Zakeri S, et al. Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection among birds and horses in some geographical locations of Iran. Vet Med Sci. 2021; 7(1): 204–9.
30- Bakhshi H, Fazlalipour M, Dadgar-Pakdel J, Zakeri S, Raz A, Failloux A-B, et al. Developing a Vaccine to Block West Nile Virus Transmission: In Silico Studies, Molecular Characterization, Expression, and Blocking Activity of Culex pipiens mosGCTL-1. Pathogens. 2021; 10(2): 218.
31- Castillo-Chavez C, Blower S, Van den Driessche P, Kirschner D, Yakubu A-A. Mathematical approaches for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: models, methods, and theory. Vol. 126. Springer Science & Business Media; 2002.
32- Dash AP, Bhatia R, Sunyoto T, Mourya DT. Emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases in Southeast Asia. J Vector Borne Dis. 2013; 50(2): 77.
33- Bakhshi H, Mousson L, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, Piorkowski G, Zakeri S, et al. Detection of arboviruses in mosquitoes: Evidence of circulation of chikungunya virus in Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020; 14(6).
34- Blomström A, Stenberg H, Scharin I, Figueiredo J, Nhambirre O, Abilio AP, et al. Serological screening suggests presence of Schmallenberg virus in cattle, sheep and goat in the Zambezia Province, Mozambique. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014; 61(4): 289–92.
35- Sibhat B, Ayelet G, Gebremedhin EZ, Skjerve E, Asmare K. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2018; 178: 61–7.
36- Abi-Rizk A, Kanaan T, El Hage J. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus and other Simbu group viruses among the Lebanese sheep. Open Vet J. 2017; 7(3): 290–3.
37- Masuda N, Holme P. Predicting and controlling infectious disease epidemics using temporal networks. F1000Prime Rep. 2013; 5.
38- Maggi RG, Birkenheuer AJ, Hegarty BC, Bradley JM, Levy MG, Breitschwerdt EB. Comparison of serological and molecular panels for diagnosis of vector-borne diseases in dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2014; 7(1): 1–9.
39- Nolan T, Bustin SA. PCR technology: current innovations. CRC press; 2013.
40- Kim N. Serology. In: Helicobacter pylori. Springer; 2016. p. 113–8.
41- Bakhshi H, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Sheikh Z, et al. Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in sand flies in border line of Iran–Turkmenistan: Restricted and permissive vectors. Exp Parasitol. 2013; 135(2): 382–7.
42- Kruse H, kirkemo A-M, Handeland K. Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2004 Dec; 10(12): 2067–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15663840
43- Gortázar C, Ferroglio E, Höfle U, Frölich K, Vicente J. Diseases shared between wildlife and livestock: a European perspective. Eur J Wildl Res[Internet]. 2007; 53(4): 241. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-007-0098-y
44- Desmecht D, Garigliany M-M, Beer M, Schirrmeier H, Paternostre J, Volpe R, et al. Detection of antibodies against Schmallenberg virus in wild boars, Belgium, 2010-2012. In: 31th Congress of the International Union of Game Biologists. 2013. p. O-TL.
45- Mouchantat S, Wernike K, Lutz W, Hoffmann B, Ulrich RG, Börner K, et al. A broad spectrum screening of Schmallenberg virus antibodies in wildlife animals in Germany. Vet Res. 2015; 46(1): 1–5.
46- Poskin A, Van Campe W, Mostin L, Cay B, De Regge N. Experimental Schmallenberg virus infection of pigs. Vet Microbiol. 2014; 170(3–4): 398–402.
47- Molenaar FM, La Rocca SA, Khatri M, Lopez J, Steinbach F, Dastjerdi A. Exposure of Asian elephants and other exotic ungulates to Schmallenberg virus. PLoS One. 2015; 10(8): e0135532.
48- Kęsik-Maliszewska J, Krzysiak MK, Grochowska M, Lechowski L, Chase C, Larska M. Epidemiology of Schmallenberg virus in European bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. J Wildl Dis. 2018; 54(2): 272–82.
49- Rossi S, Viarouge C, Faure E, Gilot‐Fromont E, Gache K, Gibert P, et al. Exposure of wildlife to the Schmallenberg virus in France (2011–2014): Higher, faster, stronger (than bluetongue)! Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017; 64(2): 354–63.
50- Chiari M, Sozzi E, Zanoni M, Alborali LG, Lavazza A, Cordioli P. Serosurvey for Schmallenberg virus in alpine wild ungulates. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014; 61(1): 1–3.
New Findings in Veterinary Microbiology
Volume 3, Issue 2
April 2021
Pages 24-34

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 November 2020
  • Accept Date: 17 February 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics